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70 records found
1.
Jablonski, A. and C. J. Powell (2005). "Monte Carlo simulations of
electron transport in solids: applications to electron backscattering from
surfaces." Applied Surface Science 242(3-4): 220-235.
We report results of Monte Carlo simulations to investigate the effects of
backscattered electrons in scanning Auger microscopy (SAM) on the radial
distributions of emitted Auger electrons. We considered the emission of
copper M3VV and L3VV Auger electrons from a thin Cu overlayer on a substrate
of silicon or gold for primary electrons with energies of 5 and 10 keV that
were normally incident on the sample. The Cu layer was assumed to be
sufficiently thin that there were no changes in the angular and energy
distributions of primary and backscattered electrons passing through the
overlayer. We report values of the information radius, raP, from which a
selected percentage P of the emitted Auger electron intensity originates.
Values of raP found here range from 119 A (Cu L3M45M45 Auger transition, E0
= 5 keV, Au substrate, P = 80) to 6757 A (Cu M3VV Auger transition, E0 = 10
keV, Si substrate, P = 95). For the same substrate, primary energy, and
chosen value of P, values of raP are larger for Auger electrons from the Cu
M3VV Auger transition than for the Cu L3M45M45 Auger transition. In
addition, values of ra increase with primary energy and are larger for the
Si substrate than the Au substrate. The values of raP are generally much
larger than the radius of the primary beam (assumed to be 50 A here) on
account of inner-shell ionizations by backscattered electrons. We also
report values of the mean escape radius, (r), that range from 82.5 A (Cu
L3M45M45 Auger transition, E0 = 5 keV, Au substrate) to 1169 A (Cu M3VV
Auger transition, E0 = 10 keV, Si substrate). Knowledge of raP and (r) is
important in the analysis of fine features in SAM because appreciable Auger
signal can be collected from the nearby region as well as from the feature
of interest. Finally, we report Monte Carlo simulations of Auger line scans
across the edge of a thin Cu overlayer on a Si or Au substrate. The shapes
of the line scans depended only weakly on the Cu Auger transition, although
the differences were more pronounced for the Si than the Au substrate. On
account of backscattered electrons, the lateral distance corresponding to
signal variation of 25% and 75% of the maximum intensity in a line scan
varied from 53.6 A (Cu L3M45M45 transition, E0 = 5 keV, Si substrate) to
75.1 A (Cu M3VV transition, E0 = 10 keV, Au substrate).
2.
Jachowicz, M., L. Kaczmarek, et al. (2004). "Nanocrystalline
γ-TiAl based microalloyed coatings as gas corrossion barriers."
Reviews on Advanced Materials Science 8(2): 116-121.
γ-titanium aluminide is a promising structural material for use in
automotive and aircraft applications due to its low density and creep and a
relatively high strength even at the temperature as high as 1200K, however
its resistance to gas corrosion at high temperatures still needs to be
improved. It has been proved in the work by means of SEM, EDS, EBSD, X-Ray
and microthermogravimetric analyses at 1173K that a great improvement of
this resistance has been achieved due to Ag or Cr or Nb or Mo or Si or Ta
microalloyed γ-TiAI based magnetron sputtered nanocrystalline coatings.
Copyright 2004 Advanced Study Center Co. Ltd.
3.
Jacques, P. J. (2005). "Transformation-induced plasticity for high
strength formable steels." Current Opinion in Solid State and Materials
Science in press.
Recent advances in the development of high performance steels presenting
improved properties of strength and ductility rely on the TRIP effect, i.e.
on the mechanically-induced martensitic transformation of the retained
austenite dispersed in a soft ferrite-based matrix. As a consequence, the
stabilisation and retention of austenite at room temperature have become of
primary importance, leading to specifically designed steel grades and
thermal or thermomechanical treatments. Particularly, carbon enrichment of
the austenite during intercritical annealing and bainite transformation was
found to be very effective in retaining austenite. This metastable austenite
then progressively transforms during straining, bringing about a large
increase of the work hardening rate. This increase results from the stress
and strain partitioning continuously evolving with the appearance of the
hard martensite.
4.
Jacques, P., F. Lefebvre, et al. (1999). "Deformation±corrosion
interactions for Zr alloys during I-SCC crack initiation Part II: Localised
stress and strain contributions." Journal of Nuclear Materials
264: 249-256.
For a better understanding of the initiation step of iodine induced stress
corrosion cracking (SCC) in Zr alloys, responsible for
pellet±cladding interaction (PCI) fuel rod failures, an analytical
study has been undertaken, the aim of which being focused on the respective
roles of local chemistry and stress/strain state on the crack nucleation.
This second part is mostly related to the local stress induced by strain
incompatibilities between grains. Using EBSP (electron back- scattering
pattern) to analyze the crystallographic orientation of all the grains of
the samples tested in SCC, it was possible to conclude that the major
parameter controlling the nucleation of the intergranular cracks is not
related to grain to grain strain incompatibilities, but to the orientation
of the grain boundary planes with respect to the tensile stress.
5.
Jain, J., W. J. Poole, et al. (2006). A study on the static
recrystallization of cold rolled magnesium alloy AZ80. TMS 2006 Annual
Meeting - Magnesium Technology, San Antonio, Texas, USA.
Recently, there has been substantial interest in refining the grain
structure of as-cast magnesium alloys using deformation processing. The
majority of this work has focused on deformation at elevated temperatures
where dynamic recrystallization is the dominant softening mechanism. On the
other hand, relatively little literature is available on ambient temperature
deformation followed by static recrystallization. In this work, the
magnesium alloy AZ80 was chosen due to the possibility of examining
situations where grain refinement can be combined with precipitation
hardening to produce interesting microstructures and mechanical properties.
AZ80 in a supersaturated solid solution was rolled at room temperature and
then annealed in the temperature range of 150-400stem. The C. The evolution
of microstructure was systematically studied using optical microscopy and
EBSD It was observed that static recrystallization of the samples occurred
in the temperature range of 200-400s indicat C with concurrent
precipitation.
6.
Jakani, S., M. H. Mathon, et al. (2004). Influence of Oxygen Content on the
Static Recrystallization of ETP Copper. Second Joint International
Conference on Recrystallization and Grain Growth, ReX & GG2, SF2M,
Annecy, France, Trans Tech Publications Ltd.
Cold-drawn Electrolytic Tough Pitch copper wires have been investigated with
Neutron Diffraction and Electron Back Scattered Diffraction. The drawn
copper wires (38% reduction in area) develop major <111> and minor
<001> fiber textures. It appears that the texture intensity of the
reinforcements within the <111> and <001> fibers is more
pronounced in the center and intermediate part of the wires. During the
first annealing time, it is found that the recrystallization kinetics are
enhanced when oxygen content is increased. The recrystallized fraction
within the intermediate zone of the wire is two times larger in the cathode
with higher oxygen content. The mechanisms at the origin of this
acceleration of recrystallization kinetics will be discussed, taking into
account the presence of Cu2O type oxides.
7.
Jalilian, F., M. Jahazi, et al. (2006). "Microstructural evolution
during transient liquid phase bonding of Inconel 617 using
Ni–Si–B filler metal." Materials Science and Engineering A
423(1-2): 269-281.
The influence of process parameters on microstructural characteristics of
transient liquid phase (TLP) bonded Inconel 617 alloy was investigated.
Experiments were carried out at 1065 °C using nickel based filler metal
(Ni–4.5% Si–3% B) with B as the melting point depressant (MPD)
element. Two different thickness of interlayer and various holding times
were employed. The influence of these processing parameters on the
characteristics of the joint area particularly size, morphology and
composition of precipitates was investigated. The presence of MoB,
Mo2B, M23C6, TiC, M23(B,
C)6 and Ni3B precipitates in the diffusion layer and
Ni3B, Ni3Si and Ni5Si precipitates in the
interlayer at the interface between the base metal and interlayer were
demonstrated using electron back scattered diffraction (EBSD), energy
dispersive spectrometry (EDS) and TEM
8.
Jang, J., Y. B. Lee, et al. (2003). Boron content in type 316 L stainless
steel by neutron induced autoradiography. Material Chemistry '02 (MC '02):
3rd International Symposium on Material Chemistry in Nuclear Environment,
Tsukuba, Japan, Japan Atomic Energy Research Institute.
Boron is effective to the improvement of various properties of alloys, but
it is difficult to characterize its behavior during the alloy processing.
Neutron induced autoradiography (or called as F.T.E: Fission Track Etching)
technique was attempted to quantitatively analyze boron content in type 316
L austenitic stainless steel. Reference samples with nine different boron
contents were prepared and analyzed by conventional analysis method as well
as by autoradiography technique using 'HANARO', a 30 MW research reactor in
K.A.E.R.I (Korea Atomic Energy Research Institute). Cd ratio of the neutron
flux was about 200 and thermal neutron flux was around 2 x
1013cm2sec. A Kodak CN-85 detector with an alloy
sample was irradiated with two different thermal neutron fluences of
1013 and 1014 /cm2. Track densities on the
autoradiographs were measured using image analyzer. Within the range of 10
to 50 ppm of boron, track densities from autoradiography showed the linear
relationship with results from conventional analyses. When complementarity
applied with other analysis technique like E.B.S.D (Electron Backscattered
Diffraction) or E.D.S (Energy Dispersive Spectroscopy) neutron induced
autoradiography technique was found very useful in distinguishing and
identifying phases with the different distribution coefficient of
boron.
9.
Jansen, E. M. and K. Kunze (1994). "Microstructural analysis of an
experimentally deformed chalcopyrite grain by orientation imaging
microscopy." Materials Science Forum: 157-6.
A single grain of an experimentally deformed polycrystalline chalcopyrite
sample was investigated by orientation imaging microscopy (OIM). Three
distinct regions within the grain were detected: a) host grain, b) (102)
transformation twins, and c) (112) deformation twins. The effect of
pseudocubic reflections on the performance of the indexing procedures to
analyze backscatter Kikuchi diffraction patterns are discussed. Unusual
patchy structures within the grain were identified as subgrains. (Author
abstract) [References: 7]
10.
Jasienski, Z., J. Pospiech, et al. (2004). "Textural and Structural
Effects of the Change of Deformation Path in Copper Single Cryatals in a
Channel-Die Test." Archives of Metallurgy 49(1): 11-28.
The microtextural and microstructural effects caused by the change of the
deformation path in the cold rolling process of fcc metals of medium SFE
have been studied by individual grain orientation measurement in the SEM
(ACOM, "Automated EBSD ") and by X-ray pole figure measurement.
The choice of the (112) 111 and the (112) 110 orientations and channel-die
compression for the investigation of copper single crystals enabled a more
detailed characteristic of these effects. These investigations aim to
elucidate the crystallographic conditions of the strong texture and
structure changes which were observed in cold rolled polycrystalline copper
after the change of the rolling direction. It has been found that the main
textural effects is the destabilization of the {112}<l10> orientation
which leads to the appearance of the {110}<112> components of texture
in pre-deformed crystals as well as in not pre-deformed (112) 110 single
crystals. However, in the former case in which the deformation path was
changed, the transformation proceeds much faster and more dynamic in
comparison with the latter. The fragmentation of the pre-deformed single
crystal structure in the form of non-regular blocks and/or compact clusters
of layers is the origin of the development of two {110}<112>
complementary components of texture. It has been shown that the formation of
two sets of layer with complementary {ll0}<112> components of texture
in these banded structures of pre-deformed samples is rather similar to
deformation band, which differ from the typical copper-type shear
bands.
11.
Jazaeri, H. and F. J. Humphreys (2004). The Effect of Initial Grain Size on
the Microstructures Developed during Cold Rolling of a Single-Phase
Aluminium Alloy. Second Joint International Conference on Recrystallization
and Grain Growth, ReX & GG2, SF2M, Annecy, France, Trans Tech
Publications Ltd.
High resolution electron backscatter diffraction (EBSD) in a field emission
gun scanning electron microscope (FEGSEM) was used to study substructural
development during the deformation by cold rolling of a single-phase
Al-0.1Mg alloy with initial grain sizes between.3 mu m and 120 mu m. In the
coarse-grained material, bands of elongated cells aligned at approximately
35 degrees to the rolling direction were formed at low strains. However, as
the grain size was reduced, fewer of these aligned microstructural features
were formed, and at the smallest grain sizes, there was little evidence of
significant substructure within the deformed grains. The alignment of low
angle boundaries was analysed from EBSD data and shown to be a function of
grain size, strain and boundary misorientation.
12.
Jazaeri, H. and F. J. Humphreys (2004). "Quantifying recrystallization
by electron backscatter diffraction." Journal of Microscopy
213(Pt. 3): 241-246.
The use of high-resolution electron backscatter diffraction in the scanning
electron microscope to quantify the volume fraction of recrystallization and
the recrystallization kinetics is discussed. Monitoring the changes of
high-angle grain boundary (HAGB) content during annealing is shown to be a
reliable method of determining the volume fraction of recrystallization
during discontinuous recrystallization, where a large increase in the
percentage of high-angle boundaries occurs during annealing. The results are
shown to be consistent with the standard methods of studying
recrystallization, such as quantitative metallography and hardness testing.
Application of the method to a highly deformed material has shown that it
can be used to identify the transition from discontinuous to continuous
recrystallization during which there is no significant change in the
percentage of HAGB during annealing.
13.
Jazaeri, H. and F. J. Humphreys (2004). "The transition from
discontinuous to continuous recrystallization in some aluminium alloys I-the
deformed state." Acta Materialia 52(11): 3239-3250.
The microstructures developed during deformation to large rolling strains in
single and two-phase aluminium alloys with a wide range of grain sizes has
been investigated, and the major parameters of the microstructure determined
by high resolution electron backscatter diffraction (EBSD). It is found that
the behaviour of initially fine-grained (<5 mu m) alloys is significantly
different from that of the large-grained (>50 mu m) alloys. In the
finer-grained alloys no significant grain fragmentation occurs, and at
larger strains, when the spacing of high angle boundaries approaches the
crystallite size, a considerable amount of the high angle boundary is
removed by a process of dynamic recovery. Materials: Al-0.1Mg, AA8006, and
AA1200.
14.
Jazaeri, H. and F. J. Humphreys (2004). "The transition from
discontinuous to continuous recrystallization in some aluminium alloys II
– annealing behaviour." Acta Materialia 52:
3251-3262.
A single-phase aluminium alloy (Al–0.1%Mg) and alloys containing large
(greater than or equal to 1µm) second-phase particles (AA1200 and
AA8006), which were deformed by cold rolling have been found to undergo
either discontinuous or continuous recrystallization on subsequent
annealing. It is found that continuous recrystallization occurs in samples
in which a critical fraction of high angle boundaries are formed on
deformation, and this is shown to be in agreement with a theory of
microstructural stability. Continuous recrystallization is found to be
promoted by a small initial grain size, large second-phase particles, and
large strains. The mechanism of continuous recrystallization is thought to
involve the collapse and subsequent coarsening of the lamellar grain
structures produced on rolling to large strains.
15.
Jensen, D. J. (1992). "Growth of nuclei with different crystallographic
orientations during recrystallization." Scripta Metallurgica et
Materialia 27(5): 533-538.
To further the understanding of recrystallization, the growth process
following nucleation has been studied. The present paper focuses on the
following two aspects: (i) development of grain size distributions as a
function of annealing time and crystallographic orientation of the grains
and (ii) the average growth rate left angle bracket G right angle bracket
also as a function of time and orientation. The electron back scattering
pattern (EBSP) technique used in scanning electron microscopy enables
determination of the crystallographic orientation within selected areas
(greater than 1 mu m) in the microstructure over a large sample area. The
technique is thus well suited for studies of the recrystallization growth
aspects outlined above. The recrystallization of 90% cold rolled aluminium
was studied during isothermal annealing. It was found that the
crystallographic orientation has a significant effect on the growth during
recrystallization. The grain size distribution in the fully recrystallized
state is very wide, which cannot be explained either by constant nucleation
or inhomogeneous distribution of nucleation sites. Orientation dependent
growth has to be considered. The average growth rates decrease as left angle
bracket G right angle bracket equals k center dot t minus alpha where alpha
minus 0.3 for grains of all three orientations (cube rolling and random).
However, cube grains grow on average 1.7 times faster than rolling and
random grains. [References: 12]
16.
Jensen, D. J. (1993). "Automatic EBSP Analysis for Recrystallization
Studies." Textures and Microstructures 20: 55-66.
17.
Jensen, D. J. (1994). Automated EBSP studies of deformation microstructures.
Annual Meeting, Microscopy Society of America.
Measurements of the crystallographic orientation within selected local areas
of the microstructure is important to achieve further understanding of the
development of deformation microstructures and textures. Different
techniques may be applied. The most clear and precise results relating
directly specific microstructural features to given orientations are
obtained by transmission electron microscopy (TEM) methods. However, better
statistical data may be obtained by the electron back scattering pattern
(EBSP) technique in the scanning electron microscopy (SEM). The present
paper concentrates on the EBSP technique and the results obtained.
[References: 3]
18.
Jensen, D. J. (1995). "Growth rates and misorientation relationships
between growing nuclei/grains and the surrounding deformed matrix during
recrystallization." Acta Metallurgica et Materialia 43(11):
4117-29.
Average growth rates and misorientations between recrystallization nuclei
(or grains) and neighbouring deformed matrix material have been studied for
partially recrystallized samples by the electron back scattering pattern
(EBSP) technique in heavily cold rolled aluminium and copper. It was studied
how the annealing time and the crystallographic orientation of nuclei/grains
affects the growth rates and distribution of misorientations. The two
materials, aluminium and copper, develop a weak and a strong
recrystallization cube texture respectively. Information about effects of
cube texture strength was therefore also obtained. It was found that grains
of cube orientation grow faster than grains of other orientations. A wide
distribution of misorientation relationships was observed to exist between
the growing grains and the neighbouring deformed matrix, and this
distribution was not significantly affected by the annealing time. The
faster growth of the cube oriented grains may be ascribed to a larger
misorientation between cube grains and deformed matrix than that between
other grains and the matrix. (66 References).
19.
Jensen, D. J. (1996). "EBSP studies of growth rates during
recrystallization." Materials Science Forum 204(2062):
713-22.
The EBSP-technique offers a powerful yet simple technique for the routine
measurement of the orientation of individual grains. The EBSP-technique is
characterised above all by the small amount of work required in specimen
preparation and its relatively modest hardware requirement. A number of
commercial computer programs are available for the automatic determination
of crystal orientation which differ greatly, in particular in terms of
ability and cost. This article describes work carried out using the
"Channel+ for Windows" software. With this particular program, the
hardware requirements are quite modest and for a practised SEM operator the
work can be carried out quite rapidly. In future it is expected that with
the further automatisation of the measuring process, i.e. with full
automatic control of the x-y specimen stage, the EBSP-technique will be
able, at least in part, to replace X-ray orientation measurements. Examples
show that single grain orientation measurements by the EBSP-method can even
now play an important role in the development of materials. (11
References).
20.
Jensen, D. J. (1997). "Applications of orientation mappng by scanning
and transmission electron microscopy." Ultramicroscopy 67:
25-34.
21.
Jensen, D. J. (1997). "Simulation of Recrystallization Microstructures
and Textures - Effects of Preferential Groowth." Metallurgical and
Materials Transactions A 28(1): 15-25.
22.
Jensen, D. J. and N. H. Schmidt (1990). An automatic on-line technique for
determination of crystallography by EBSP. Recrystallization '90. T. C.
Chandra. Warrendale, Pennsylvania, The Mineral, Metals and Materials
Society: 219-224.
23.
Jensen, D. J. and N. H. Schmidt (1990). Local Texture Measurements by EBSP.
New Computer Procedures. Ninth International Conference on Textures of
Materials (ICOTOM 9), Avignon, France, Gordon and Breach Science
Publishers.
24.
Jensen, D. J. and N. H. Schmidt (1991). "Local Texture Measurements by
EBSP. New Computer Procedures." Textures and Microstructures
14-18: 97-102.
25.
Jensen, D. J., M. D. Lund, et al. (2004). Recrystallization Kinetics in the
Bulk and at the Surface. Second Joint International Conference on
Recrystallization and Grain Growth, ReX & GG2, SF2M, Annecy, France,
Trans Tech Publications Ltd.
26.
Jensen, D. J., N. Hansen, et al. (1991). "Effect of Recrystallization
Temperature on Texture and Grain-Size of Al-SiC Composite." Materials
Science and Technology 7(4): 369-375.
27.
Jeong, B.-Y., R. Gauvin, et al. (2002). EBSD Study of Martensite in a Dual
Phase Steel. Microscopy and Microanalysis 2002, Québec City,
Québec, Canada, Cambridge University Press.
28.
Jeong, B.-Y., S. Yue, et al. (2002). Microstructure of TiN Coatings by EBSD
Techniques. Microscopy and Microanalysis 2002, Québec City,
Québec, Canada, Cambridge University Press.
29.
Jeong, H. T., J. A. Szpunar, et al. (1999). A Role of Texture and
Orientation Clustering in Electromigration Failure of Aluminum
Interconnects. The Twelfth International Conference on Textures of Materials
(ICOTOM 12), McGill University, Montreal, Canada, Ottawa, NRC Research
Press.
30.
Jeong, W. C. (2005). "A study on microstructural characteristics of
ferrites transformed at low temperature in a cold rolled high strength
steel." Journal of the Korean Institute of Metals and Materials
43(5): 350-356.
The microstructural characteristics of the various low-temperature
transformation ferrites such as quasi-polygonal ferrite
(αq), granular bainitic ferrite (αB) and
bainitic ferrite (α°B) have been investigated in an
ultra-low carbon high strength cold-rolled steel. It was found that a grain
of the αB and α°B comprised several
subgrains with orientations of ND//<111> or ND//near <111>, but
the aq grain consisted of several subgrains with orientations of
ND//<001> or ND//near<001>.The EBSD result showed that the
α°B and αB were characterized by low
angle grain boundaries whose misorientation angles are smaller than 15°.
Even the very low angle grain boundaries with misorientation angle of
2-5° or less were substantially observed in the α°B
and aB grains, resulting in the not well-etched grain boundaries
in optical and scanning electron microscopy. The grain boundaries of the
αq were characterized by the high angle grain boundary with
a winding shape.
31.
Jepson, M. and R. L. Higginson (2005). "The use of EBSD to study the
microstructural development of oxide scales on 316 stainless steel."
Materials at High Temperatures 22(3/4): 195-200.
32.
Ji, S. C., X. O. Zhao, et al. (1994). "On the Measurement of
Plagioclase Lattice Preferred Orientations." Journal of Structural
Geology 16(12): 1711-1718.
33.
Ji, S., K. Saruwatari, et al. (2003). "Microstructures, petrofabrics
and seismic properties of ultra high-pressure eclogites from Sulu region,
China: implications for rheology of subducted continental crust and origin
of mantle reflections." Tectonophysics 370: 49-76.
Ultra high-pressure (UHP) eclogites from Sulu region (China) represent mafic
components of the continental crust, which were first subducted to mantle
depths greater than 100 km and then exhumed to the earth’s surface.
Detailed investigation of microstructures, chemical compositions,
petrofabrics and seismic properties of the UHP eclogites can provide
important information on the operating deformation mechanisms and rheology
of subducted continental crust and on the origin of seismic reflections
within the upper mantle. We present here results from field, optical and TEM
observations, electron back-scattered diffraction (EBSD) measurements and
numerical computations of the seismic properties of UHP eclogites collected
from fresh surface outcrops at the drill site (Maobei, Donghai County,
Jiangsu Province) of the Chinese Continental Scientific Drilling Program
(CCSD). Two types of eclogites have been distinguished: Type-1
(coarse-grained) eclogites deformed by recovery-accommodated dislocation
creep at the peak metamorphic conditions, and Type-2 (fine-grained)
eclogites which are composed of reworked Type-1 materials during
recrystallizationaccommodated dislocation creep in shear zones which were
active during the exhumation of the UHP metamorphic rocks. Both garnet and
omphacite in these eclogites deformed plastically and the flow strength
contrast between these two constituent minerals is apparently much less than
an order of magnitude under the UHP metamorphic conditions. Plasticity of
eclogites under UHP conditions can effectively facilitate channeled flow
along the interplate shear zone. The preservation of the relict crustal
materials within the continental lithosphere may produce regionally
extensive, strong, seismic reflections in the upper mantle. This may explain
the origin of mantle reflections observed in many areas of the
world.
34.
Ji, S., Z. Jiang, et al. (2004). "Strain softening and microstructural
evolution of anorthite aggregates and quartz–anorthite layered
composites deformed in torsion." Earth and Planetary Science Letters
222(2): 377-390.
Torsion experiments of anorthite (An) aggregates and layered composites with
equal volume fractions of quartz (Qtz) and An were performed in a gas-medium
apparatus at a confining pressure of 400 MPa, temperatures from 1373 to 1473
K, and twist rates from 1.0 x 10-4 to 3.0 x 10-4
rad/s. Dense specimens were fabricated from An glass and Qtz crystalline
powder using hot isostatic pressing (HIP) techniques. Both An aggregates and
Qtz-An layered composites show a continuous strain weakening from a peak
stress at γ =0.2-0.3 to γ =3.2, and steady-state flow has not
reached under the experimental conditions. The weakening is even more
pronounced in the layered composites than the monolithic aggregates,
suggesting channeling or localization of flow into the weak material between
strong layers. The sheared An specimens developed pervasively C-S-C'
structures which are similar to those observed in natural ductile shear
zones. TEM and electron backscattering diffraction (EBSD) fabric analyses
suggest that grain boundary migration recrystallization-accommodated
dislocation creep with (010)[100] as the dominant slip system was operating
in the An. The strain softening may be due to the development of
crystallographic preferred orientation (CPO), the operation of dynamic
recrystallization and the formation of extremely finegrained recrystallized
material in the narrow C' shear bands.
35.
Jian, L. and C. M. Wayman (1995). "Electron Back Scattering Study of
Domain-Structure in Monoclinic Phase of a Rare-Earth Orthoniobate
Lanbo4." Acta Metallurgica et Materialia 43(10):
3893-3901.
The recently developed SEM electron back scattering technique was employed
to examine the domain structure in the monoclinic phase of a rare-earth
orthoniobate LaNbO4. The monoclinic phase was identified by X-ray
diffraction. The existence of the domain structure was revealed by the
electron back scattering pattern, optical microscope and TEM. The
orientation relationship between domains was determined by the electron back
scattering technique as a rotation of 94 ° about the [010] axis. This
result was confirmed by TEM diffraction and mathematical relations between
domain orientations were established.
36.
Jiang, D. and D. Lin (2006). "The microstructural evolution in
large-grained Ni-40Al during superplastic deformation." Journal of
Alloys and Compounds 415(1-2): 177-181.
Superplastic behavior has been found in Ni-40Al intermetallics with large
grains. The large-grained Ni-40Al alloy exhibited all deformation
characteristics of conventional fine-grained superplastic alloys.
Metallographic examination (OM) showed that the average grain size of
large-grained Ni-40Al alloys decreased during superplastic deformation from
220 µm before deformation to 25 µm after deformation to
fracture. Electron back-scattered diffraction (EBSD) and transmission
electron microscopy (TEM) showed that there were a great number of sub-grain
boundaries which formed a network and among which the proportion of low and
high angle boundaries increased with the increase of strain. The observed
superplastic phenomenon is explained by continuous recovery and
recrystallization.
37.
Jiang, J., W. Liu, et al. (2005). "Twinning of AZ31 magnesium alloy
analyzed by EBSD technique." Chinese Journal of Stereology and Image
Analysis 10(4): 237-240.
Elecron Backscattered Diffraction (EBSD) technique in the scanning electron
microscope was used to analyze the twinning of AZ31 magnesium alloy
compressed at room temperature and 150°C, with the compression axis
parallel to ND and TD. In samples deformed at 150°C extensive twinning
{10 - 12} only occurs in samples where the basal plane normals are initially
aligned approximately perpendicular to the compressive strain axis. We
discuss the particular advantage of EBSD for research on the relationship
between grain orientation and twinning, and the difficulty of preparing
magnesium sample for EBSD studies.
38.
Jiang, L., J. J. Jonas, et al. (2006). "Twinning-induced softening in
polycrystalline AM30 Mg alloy at moderate temperatures." Scripta
Materialia 54: 771-775.
The effect of deformation twinning on the strain hardening behavior of a
polycrystalline AM30 Mg alloy was investigated. At temperatures <150
°C, somewhat unusually, the n value increases with increasing
temperature and decreasing strain rate. The softening effect induced by
double and contraction twinning is responsible for the abnormal strain
hardening behavior.
39.
Jiang, Q.-T., A. Frank, et al. (2001). Optimization of Annealing Conditions
for Dual Damascen Cu Microstructures and Via Chain Yields. Symposium VLSI
Technology, Piscataway, New Jersey, USA, IEEE.
The effect of different post electroplating anneals on dual damascene Cu
microstructures and via chain yields using both rapid thermal processing and
furnace anneal were investigated. It was found the grain size, (111)
texture, Cu line resistance, and dual damascene Cu via chain yields varied
strongly with the annealing conditions. The minimum feature of trench width
or height imposes physical limit to the average grain size. Via chain yield
failure analysis were also carried out using SEM cross sections
40.
Jiang, Q.-T., M. M. Nowell, et al. (2002). "Analysis of Copper Grains
in Damascene Trenches After Rapid Thermal Processing or Furnace
Anneals." Journal of Electronic Materials 31: 10-17.
The microstructures of Cu lines in damascene trenches annealed at
temperatures from room temperature to 425°C using both rapid thermal
processing (RTP) and furnace annealing were investigated using an array of
characterization techniques including transmission electron microscopy
(TEM), focused ion beam, scanning electron microscopy (SEM), and electron
backscatter diffraction-orientation-imaging microscopy (EBSD-OIM). It was
found that the final grain sizes strongly depend on the annealing process
used; RTP generated larger grains than furnace annealing. The Cu line
electrical resistance correlated with grain size differences observed for
RTP and furnace anneals. The ramping rate, not the annealing time, played
the critical role in the grain growth process. In either case, a high
density of Σ 3 coincident site lattice (CSL) twin boundaries was
observed in the Cu lines. Forty-five percent of the grain boundaries
measured were found to be Σ 3 CSL twins, which are differentiated from
random high-angle boundaries by having preferred electrical and diffusion
properties. The minimum feature dimension of width or height of the
damascene trenches limited the average grain size. Prior to the trench
height limitation, the average grain size increased linearly with the trench
width. The Cu (111) texture became stronger as the trench width increased up
to 0.5 µm; for wider trenches, the texture did not increase
further.
41.
Jiang, Q.-T., M.-H. Tsai, et al. (2001). Annealing impact on damascene Cu
resistivity and microstructures. 6th International Conference on Solid-State
and Integrated-Circuit Technology, 2001, Shanghai, IEEE.
The effect of different post electroplating anneals on dual damascene Cu
microstructures and via chain yields using both rapid thermal processing and
furnace anneal were investigated.
42.
Jiang, Z., D. J. Prior, et al. (2000). "Albite crystallographic
preferred orientation and grain misorientation distribution in a low-grade
mylonite - Implications for granular flow." Journal of Structural
Geology 22(No. 1): 1163-74.
Crystallographic orientation data from pure albite domains in a low-grade
sheared metagabbro from the Combin Zone of the western Italian Alps were
measured by electron backscatter diffraction. Crystallographic preferred
orientations (CPOs) in four high-strain domains are non-random and have a
triclinic symmetry. The clusters of [100], [010] and [001] show an angular
relationship that corresponds to that of the albite crystal lattice.
However, the orientations of axis clusters to the kinematic axes vary from
domain to domain. CPOs from a low-strain domain also show clustered axes
with triclinic symmetry, but with more intense clustering than those in the
high-strain domains. Grain misorientation distributions are presented both
for the low-strain domain and one of the high-strain domains. In the
high-strain domain, the distribution of misorientation angles between
neighbouring grains displays a peak at about 70°. The equivalent
distribution in the low-strain domain has a peak at 30°. For both
domains, the misorientation axis distributions, between neighbouring and
non-neighbouring grains, are random, except for some of axes with
160–180° misorientation that exhibit a slight concentration around
[010]. The diversity of CPOs among the domains suggests that these CPOs
could not be produced by dislocation creep. They are likely to have been
inherited from plagioclase parents, as a result of host control on the
nucleation of the new albite grains. These CPOs do not contain any direct
information about the deformation kinematics. We interpret that deformation
of these domains occurred by granular flow. Crystallographic axis dispersion
due to grain boundary sliding (GBS) caused weakening of CPOs, modification
of misorientation angle distributions and randomisation of misorientation
axis distributions. The fact that a CPO can survive GBS even after a high
strain indicates that CPO is not always a sensitive indicator of deformation
mechanisms. Misorientation distribution may provide a complementary, and
possibly a more sensitive indicator of deformation mechanisms.
43.
Jin, H. and D. J. Lloyd (2004). Development of Grain Structure and Texture
during Annealing in Asymmetrically Rolled AA5754. Second Joint International
Conference on Recrystallization and Grain Growth, ReX & GG2, SF2M,
Annecy, France, Trans Tech Publications Ltd.
44.
Jin, H. and D. J. Lloyd (2005). "The reduction of planar anisotropy by
texture modification through asymmetric rolling and annealing in
AA5754." Materials Science and Engineering A 399(1-2):
358-367.
Asymmetric rolling (ASR) was applied to aluminum alloy AA5754 under various
processing conditions. The deformation texture and the texture after
subsequent recrystallization were studied by X-ray diffraction and electron
back scattering diffraction (EBSD) in a scanning electron microscope (SEM).
After unidirectional ASR, the deformation texture was rotated by around 10
deg about the transverse direction from the f.c.c. plane strain compression
texture (beta-fibre texture), whereas it was close to the ideal (beta-fibre
texture after reverse-ASR. The recrystallization texture was randomised with
a reduced cube {0 0 1} (1 0 0) component, and the randomising effect is more
prominent under high velocity ratio between the upper and lower rolls and
reverse rolling conditions. Based on crystal plasticity theory calculations
and measurements of cup earing profiles, the sheet planar anisotropy is
predicted to decrease after ASR and annealing, but the mean r-value is not
enhanced.
45.
Jin, H. and D. J. Lloyd (2005). "Roping in 6111 aluminum alloys with
various iron contents." Materials Science and Engineering A
403(1-2): 112-119.
The development of surface roughness and roping after straining and its
correlation with grain size and texture were investigated in AA6111 aluminum
alloys with various Fe contents, using optical microscopy, scanning electron
microscopy (SEM), electron back scatter diffraction (EBSD) in SEM, X-ray
diffraction, and 3D non-contact profilometry. It has been demonstrated that
the spatial distribution of texture components is a critical factor for
roping. When the {001}(100) (cube) and {011}(100) (Goss) texture components
are banded along the rolling direction (RD) and alternately distributed in
the transverse direction (TD), intensive roping develops when the sheet is
stretched in the TD regardless of grain size. During rolling the cube and
Goss are metastable orientations in AA6111 and form cube and Goss bands
along the RD. These bands are the preferred nucleation sites for
recrystallization, resulting in the banded structure being retained in the
final solutionised sheet. Increasing the Fe content leads to a finer grain
size and lower strain induced surface roughness, but roping is insensitive
to the Fe content and simply dependent on the degree of cold rolling prior
to solutionising.
46.
Jin, H., P. D. Wu, et al. (2005). "Three-dimensional texture
determination of 6111 aluminium alloy sheet by precise serial sectioning and
EBSD measurement." Materials Science and Technology 21(4):
419-428.
A method of accurate serial sectioning has been designed for
three-dimensional texture measurement in aluminium alloy sheet. Using this
method, determination of three dimensional texture in an AA6111-T4P sheet
has been carried out by electron backscatter diffraction (EBSD) in a
scanning electron microscope (SEM) from the sheet surface to 1/3 of the
thickness. Optimal conditions for specimen preparation and SEM operation
have been investigated to ensure minimum planar displacement or rotation
among sections. It has been demonstrated that in the AA6111-T4P sheet the
{001}<100> (cube), {011}<100> (Goss) and {011}<455> (P*)
orientations are the major texture components. The through thickness
averaged cube and Goss components are aligned parallel to the rolling
direction forming a banded structure, and the bands of the cube and Goss are
distributed alternately in the transverse direction. The variation in grain
size is very limited compared with the texture components.
47.
Jin, H.-H., J.-H. Shim, et al. (2003). "Formation of Intragranular
Acicular Ferrite Grains in a Ti-containing Low Carbon Steel." ISIJ
International 43(7): 1111-1113.
The formation of acicular ferrite grains from dispersed non-metallic
inclusions within austenite grains was proposed as a method for obtaining a
refined grain structure in low carbon steels. The microstructure of acicular
ferrite steels consists of fine interlocking ferrite plates originating from
the dispersed non-metallic inclusions. This acicular ferrite structure
provides a desirable combination of high strength and good toughness because
of its small plate thickness and interlocking microstructure. In
Ti-containing low carbon steels, Ti2O3, MnS, and TiN
particles have been reported to be effective nucleation sites for acicular
ferrite grains. It was proposed that either Ti2O3 or
MnS among the inclusions is the most effective particles for forming an
intragranular acicular ferrite microstructure by producing a Mn depleted
zone (MDZ) around the Ti2O3or MnS particles. For the
effectiveness of TiN precipitates, researchers do not agree on their
abilities to form intragranular acicular ferrites. One group of researchers
reported that TiN can be an effective nucleation site for ferrite grains due
to its high coherency with ferrite, but another group had a contradictory
opinion on this. More studies aimed at understanding the mechanism of
ferrite nucleation at nonmetallic inclusions, and gaining the capability of
effectively controlling the microstructure and properties of acicular
ferrite steels are needed. The aim of this study is to investigate the
formation mechanism of intragranular acicular ferrite grains from inclusions
in a Ti-containing low carbon steel with a relatively high N content. The
nucleation sites and orientation relationships between ferrite grains and
inclusions were investigated using transmission electron microscopy (TEM)
and scanning electron microscopy (SEM) equipped with an electron
backscattered diffraction (EBSD) system.
48.
Jin, Y. H., M. Y. Huh, et al. (2004). "Evolution of textures and
microstructures in IF-steel sheets during continuous confined strip shearing
and subsequent recrystallization annealing." Journal of Materials
Science 39(16-17): 5311-5314.
Interstitial free (IF) steel sheets were deformed by continuous confined
strip shearing (CCSS) based on the equal channel angular pressing (ECAP).
The samples were deformed by CCSS up to three passages and subsequently
recrystallized at 700 deg C for 1 h. The strain history of IF steel sheets
in the CCSS die-channel was tackled by finite element method (FEM)
simulations. The deformation by CCSS led to the shear deformation and
consequently the formation of shear texture components. With increasing
number of CCSS passages, the intensity of the deformation texture was hardly
increased. The recrystallization texture resembled the deformation texture.
The orientation stability was discussed by mean of Taylor deformation model
and the formation of recrystallization textures was discussed by occurrence
of the discontinuous recrystallization. Observations by transmission
electron microscopy (TEM) and electron backscattered diffraction (EBSD)
revealed the formation of ultra-fine grains in IF sheets deformed by
CCSS.
49.
Johansson, S., X.-H. Zeng, et al. (2001). "Measurement of average
texture of cold-rolled aluminum sheet by electron back-scattering
diffraction: a comparison with neutron diffraction." Materials Science
and Engineering A315(1-2): 129-35.
Measurements of the average texture on sheet of commercial pure aluminium
have been performed using neutron diffraction and electron back-scattering
diffraction (EBSD). Orientation distribution function maps have been
calculated and compared. The results show a good correspondence provided
that the data from the EBSD measurements are corrected according to a
texture index versus inverted number of measurement procedure. Most errors
are probably related to differences in investigated volume and calculation
technique and to the fact that the microstructure was difficult for EBSD
measurements. © 2001 Elsevier Science B.V. All rights reserved.
50.
Johnson, D. C. and A. L. E. Smalley (2005). Incomplete crystallization of
skutterudites. 2005 Materials Research Society Fall Meeting, Boston.
Massachusetts, USA.
A series of CexCo4Sbi2 samples were
synthesized, with x = 0 to 2. The crystallinity of the samples was studied
using quantitative Rietveld analysis, and revealed that the samples did not
crystallize completely. These data correlated with changes in the lattice
parameter, DSC peak temperature, and DSC peak area. The crystallinity was
confirmed using electron back-scatter diffraction (EBSD), which showed
crystallites with a background of an amorphous matrix. This unusual
morphology may improve thermoelectric properties by decreasing thermal
conductivity. he plasmo 2006 Materials Research Society.
51.
Johnson, M. T. (1998). Oxide Thin Films: Epitaxy, Interfaces and Reactions,
University of Minnesota.
52.
Johnson, M. T., C. B. Carter, et al. (1999). "SEM Analysis of Oxide
Thin Films and Reactions." Journal of the American Ceramic Society
82(6): 1644-46.
53.
Jonas, J. J., Y. He, et al. (2005). Applicability of the Bain,
Kurdjumov-Sachs, Nishiyama-Wassermann, Greninger-Troiano and Pitsch
Relations to Transformations in the Gibeon Meteorite and in a TRIP Steel.
Solid to Solid Phase Transformations in Inorganic Materials 2005, Phoenix,
Arizona, USA, TMS.
The pole figure representations of the reflections associated with five
commonly considered correspondence relations are described. These are shown
to be clustered around the three Bain {100} reflections associated with the
three Bain variants. The locations of the (minumum angle) rotation axes in
Rodrigues-Frank space are also illustrated. Examples taken from both
diffusive (the Gibeon meteorite) and displacive (bainite formation in a TRIP
steel) transformations are used to illustrate the relative importance of the
five sets of correspondence conditions. It is demonstrated that the Bain
relation is never observed and that the Pitsch and "inverse G-T"
(Greninger-Troiano) transformations are relatively rare in these materials.
By contrast, the experimental results are continuously distributed from the
K-S (Kurdjimov-Sachs), through the G-T, to the N-W (Nishiyama-Wassermann)
positions and do not seem to favor any single one of these three
relations.
54.
Jonas, J. J., Y. He, et al. (2005). "The possible role of partial
dislocations in facilitating transformations of the
Nishiyama–Wassermann type." Scripta Materialia 52(3):
175-179.
By analogy with the role of perfect dislocations in facilitating
Kurdjumov–Sachs type transformations, it is proposed that partial
dislocations may be responsible for Nishiyama–Wassermann
transformations. Such an interpretation can account for the presence of both
“positive slip” and “negative slip” variants within
individual grains, a hitherto unexplained phenomenon.
55.
Jonas, J. J., Y. He, et al. (2005). Representation of Misorientations in
Rodrigues-Frank Space: Application to the Bain, Kurdjumov-Sachs,
Nishiyama-Wassermann, Pitsch and Greninger-Troiano Orientation
Relationships. Textures of Materials - ICOTOM 14, Leuven, Belgium, Trans
Tech Publications.
Orientation relationships between individual crystals can be readily
represented in Rodrigues-Frank space because of the one-to-one
correspondence between each misorientation and a vector in the fundamental
zone of this space. This is done by integrating the rotation angle and axis
into a three- component vector. In this study, the three classical
orientation relationships describing the γ-to-α transformation,
namely the Bain, Kurdjumov-Sachs and Nishiyama- Wassermann, are represented
in Rodrigues-Frank space. Also considered are the somewhat less common
Pitsch and Greninger-Troiano relationships. The misorientations between
these types of transformation variants are displayed in R-F space based on
alternative reference systems to highlight the differences. Examples of the
various crystallographic relationships between fcc and bcc crystals during
the γ-to-α transformation are given to demonstrate the advantages
of the use of this space.
56.
Jonas, V., G. Frenking, et al. (1992). "Theoretical studies of
organometallic compounds. I. All electron and pseudopotential calculations
of Ti(CH3)nCl4-n (n=0-4)." Journal of
Computational Chemistry 13(8): 919-34.
The performance of effective core potentials (ECP) and model potentials (MP)
has been studied by calculating the geometries and reaction energies of
isodesmic reactions for the molecules
Ti(CH3)nCl4-n(n=0-4) at the Hartree-Fock
level of theory. The results are compared with data from all electron
calculations and experimental results as far as available. The all electron
calculations were performed with a 3-21G basis set from Hehre (1987) and a
(53321/521/41) basis set from Huzinaga (1984). For the ECP calculations the
potentials developed by Hay and Wadt (1985), and for the MP calculations,
the model potentials developed by Sakai and Huzinaga (1987), are employed.
(39 References).
57.
Jono, M., E.-I. Kuronaga, et al. (2005). "A study on the mechanism of
small fatigue crack deflection behavior in α-brass by means of in-situ
atomic force microscopy and crystallographic orientation analysis."
Journal of the Society of Materials Science, Japan 54(12):
1268-1274.
Fatigue crack growth test under constant amplitude loading was carried out
on α-brass. Successive observation of transgranular small fatigue
crack growth behavior was performed by means of an atomic force microscope
(AFM) equipped with small in-plane bending fatigue testing machine. In the
low growth rate region after crack initiation, the inclined fatigue crack
grew along one slip plane in contrast with the alternating slip-off crack
growth process in a long crack. Twin boundaries of α-brass worked as a
constraint against slip deformation, resulted in frequent crack deflection
and crack branching. A large number of dislocations were piled up along the
activated slip planes due to cyclic strain hardening, which changed the
stress state around crack tip, resulted in the activation of slip
deformation on the other slip plane. The fatigue crack deflection behavior
was investigated by the crystallographic orientation analysis based on the
Electron Backscatter Diffraction (EBSD). It was found that the direction of
crack deflection did not decided only by Schmid factor. The slip factor
considering the slip system and singular stress field at the crack tip was
introduced in order to evaluate the easiness of slip deformation instead of
Schmid factor. The direction of crack deflection was found to be explained
well by the slip factor and the relative location between the preferential
slip plane and crack front.
58.
Jorge-Badiola, D., A. Iza-Mendia, et al. (2004). Effect of the strain
reversal on the microstructure and the recrystallization kinetics of the
austenite. Second Joint International Conference on Recrystallization and
Grain Growth, ReX & GG2, SF2M, Annecy, France, Trans Tech Publications
Ltd.
It has been demonstrated recently that when a reversion of the strain is
applied during the hot working of a Nb-microalloyed steel, the subsequent
static recrystallization kinetics is significantly affected. However,
depending on the magnitude of the reversion, the static softening kinetics
can be accelerated or delayed. This relates to the substructure dissolution
taking place by the effect of the reversal. In the present work, new
micristructural results obtained by EBSD on an austenitic stainless steel
hot deformed by torsion is used to explain better the observed effect of the
reversion of the strain.
59.
Jorge-Badiola, D., A. Iza-Mendia, et al. (2005). "Study by EBSD of the
development of the substructure in a hot deformed 304 stainless steel."
Materials Science and Engineering A 394(1-2): 445-454.
The EBSD technique is a useful tool to characterize deformation
microstructures. In this study a 304 stainless steel was hot deformed to
different strains in torsion mode. The application of the above-mentioned
technique focused on the characterization of the high angle boundary
distribution evolution under strain. Special emphasis was given to the
Sigma3 boundaries. It was observed that as the deformation increased the
twin character was progressively lost and at the same time, some of the
twins appear to be curved in the microstructure. The orientation analysis
carried out inside the grains led to a classification of the grains
according to the way that in-grain orientation spreads develop.
60.
Jorge-Badiola, D., A. Iza-Mendia, et al. (2005). Effect of the strain
reversal on grain boundary character and substructure development on a hot
worked austenitic stainless steel. Textures of Materials - ICOTOM 14,
Leuven, Belgium, Trans Tech Publications.
A combination of monotonic and reverse tests has been carried out in order
to assess the strain path effects on an austenitic stainless steel hot
deformed by torsion. Microstructural results have been obtained by EBSD. The
misorientation average parameter measured at different step size scans, the
Kernel parameter and the orientation spread average parameter, provide a
picture of the in-grain curvature developed during the different strain
paths. The results show that these parameters are sensitive to the strain
path.
61.
Jouffrey, P. and J. H. Driver (1995). "The influence of Nb and Ti on
the recrystallization of UHP iron." Journal de Physique IV
5(C7): 259-64.
The influence of Nb and Ti in solid solution on the recrystallization
mechanisms and textures of cold rolled high purity iron has been studied by
optical metallography, SEM, microtexture (EBSD) and macrotexture (X-ray)
measurements. Two UHP iron based alloys (Fe-0.08 wt% Nb and Fe-0.04 wt% Ti)
together with two reference samples of UHP Fe and electrolytic iron, were
treated to form an equiaxed grain structure then rolled 81% to develop
standard bcc rolling textures. The recrystallization mechanisms were then
studied by partial recrystallization anneals in the temperature range
475-800 degrees C. The orientations of the new recrystallized grain were
essentially a mixture of {111} and {100} parallel to the sheet planes.
Carbon, Ti and to a lesser extent, Nb favour the nucleation and growth of
{111} planes grains along prior grain boundaries. (9 References).
62.
Joy, D. C. (1994). Channeling in and channeling out: The origins of electron
backscattering and electron channeling contrast. Annual Meeting, Microscopy
Society of America.
Two new techniques are now in common use for obtaining crystallographic
information from crystals in the scanning electron microscope (SEM) -
electron channeling patterns (ECP) in which variations in the angle of
incidence of the beam with respect to crystal produce variations in the
backscattering yield; and electron backscattering patterns (EBSP) in which a
stationary electron beam impinges on the crystal and anisotropies in the
angular distribution of the backscattering profile are viewed on the screen.
The ECP and EBSP techniques seem superficially to be different, but they are
in fact closely related through the principle of reciprocity and the concept
of Bloch waves. [References: 3]
63.
Joy, D. C. (2003). "Electron backscattered diffraction in scanning
electron microscopy." Scanning 25(2): 81.
64.
Joy, D. C. and D. E. Newbury (1972). "Scanning Electron Microscope
Selected Area Channelling Patterns from 1 Micron Specimen Areas."
Journal of Materials Science 7(1): 714.
65.
Joy, D. C. and G. R. Booker (1971). "Simultaneous display of micrograph
and selected-area channelling pattern using the scanning electron
microsope." Journal of Physics E 4(2): 837.
66.
Joy, D. C., D. L. Davidson, et al. (1982). "Electron Channeling
Patterns in the Scanning Electron-Microscope." Journal of Applied
Physics 53(8): R81-R122.
67.
Joyce, B. D., S. L. Semiatin, et al. (2000). Deformation Modeling For The
Breakdown of Coarse Grain Ti-10V-2Fe-3Al. Thermec 2000, Las Vegas, Nevada,
USA, Elsevier Science Ltd.
The deformation behavior of a coarse-grained Ti-10V-2Fe-3Al alloy during hot
forging was established using physical modeling and finite element analysis.
Prior to compression testing, samples were sectioned and marked with a fine
grid in order to quantify the non-uniformity of strain that develops at the
grain and workpiece scales during hot working. In addition, grain
orientation data from samples prior to deformation were used to develop
constitutive equations for finite element modeling. Strain distributions
predicted by the finite element model were compared with experimental
results and related to the microstructure changes that were
observed.
68.
Junfeng, Z., J. Zhenmin, et al. (2005). "Hydroxyl induced eclogite
fabric and deformation mechanism." Chinese Science Bulletin
50(7): 685-690.
Eclogites from orogens often show strong plastic deformation and high
hydroxyl content. We have studied the correlation between crystallographic
preferred orientations of garnet and omphacite from natural eclogites with
their hydroxyl contents using the electron back-scattered diffraction
technique. The results show: 1) Omphacite has typical L-type or SL-type
crystallographic preferred orientations, that is, Ý001¨ is
distributed in a girdle in the foliation plane with a maximum parallel to
lineation; (010) is distributed in a girdle normal to the lineation with a
maximum parallel to the foliation plane, suggesting a shear dominant
deformation regime. Omphacite fabrics do not vary significantly with
hydroxyl content, although the hydrous component may cause lower flow
strength. 2) Hydroxyl can influence significantly flow properties of garnet
in eclogite. Garnets behave as rigid bodies under low temperature and dry
conditions. Grain boundary processes will dominate the deformation and lower
the flow strength of garnet under high water fugacity conditions. Garnets
show no crystallographic preferred orientation in both cases. These results
may have important implications for a better understanding of deformation
mechanisms and associated fluid activities during deep subduction and
exhumation processes.
69.
Jura, J., J. Pospiech, et al. (1999). Microtexture inhomogeneity in hot
rolled two-phase steel. Twelfth International Conference on Textures of
Materials (ICOTOM 12), McGill University, Montreal, Canada, NRC Research
Press.
70.
Jura, J., T. Baudin, et al. (2002). Microstructure and Texture Analysis in a
Cold-Rolled Austenitic-Ferritic Steel with Duplex Structure. ICOTOM 13,
Seoul, Korea, Trans Tech Publications Inc.
The texture and microstructure evolution of a two-phase austenitic-ferritic
steel after hot rolling and then during cold rolling (reduction amounts: 20,
40, 60 and 80%) in investigated at several scales (TEM, SEM, or FEGSEM/EBSD
and neutron diffraction). For each sample, the dislocation structure, the
deformation inhomogeneities and the grain crystallographic orientations are
characterised.
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